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commercial cellulose

  • 1 товарная целлюлоза

    Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > товарная целлюлоза

  • 2 целлюлоза

    * * *
    целлюло́за ж.
    1. ( клетчатка) cellulose
    обезво́живать целлюло́зу — dewater (the) cellulose
    обесцве́чивать целлюло́зу — decolorize (the) cellulose
    облагора́живать целлюло́зу — refine (the) cellulose
    отбе́ливать целлюло́зу — bleach (the) cellulose
    очища́ть целлюло́зу — purify (the) cellulose
    проце́живать целлюло́зу — strain (the) cellulose
    формова́ть целлюло́зу в полотно́ — form (the) cellulose into a continuous sheet
    виско́зная целлюло́за — rayon [viscose] cellulose
    длинноволокни́стая целлюло́за — long-fibre cellulose
    целлюло́за для хими́ческого произво́дства — chemical cellulose
    древе́сная целлюло́за — wood cellulose
    древе́сная целлюло́за для произво́дства бума́ги ( бумажная масса) — woodpulp
    кормова́я целлюло́за — fodder cellulose
    коротковолокни́стая целлюло́за — short-fibred cellulose
    сульфа́тная целлюло́за — sulphate cellulose
    сульфи́тная целлюло́за — sulphite cellulose
    това́рная целлюло́за — market [commercial] cellulose
    хло́пковая целлюло́за — cotton [linters] pulp, cotton linters
    щелочна́я целлюло́за — alkali(ne) [sodium] cellulose

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > целлюлоза

  • 3 товарная целлюлоза

    2) Polymers: market pulp

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > товарная целлюлоза

  • 4 Cross, Charles Frederick

    [br]
    b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, England
    d. 15 April 1935 Hove, England
    [br]
    English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.
    [br]
    Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.
    In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1917.
    Bibliography
    1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).
    Further Reading
    Obituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick

  • 5 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson

    [br]
    b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, England
    d. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.
    [br]
    At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.
    Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.
    Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.
    Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.
    Bibliography
    2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).
    24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).
    1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).
    Further Reading
    M.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).
    R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEE
    Electronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson

  • 6 desintegrarse

    1 to disintegrate
    2 figurado to break up
    3 FÍSICA to split
    * * *
    VPR
    1) [grupo] to break up
    2) [roca, cohete] to disintegrate
    3) [átomo] to split
    * * *
    verbo pronominal
    a) grupo/partido to break up, disintegrate; familia to break up
    b) cuerpo/materia to break up, disintegrate; átomo to split, disintegrate
    * * *
    (v.) = disintegrate, fall + apart, decompose, come apart at + the seams, fall apart at + the seams
    Ex. When such systems become asynchronous, with one element dominating the other, it places great strain on the system, and it will, eventually, disintegrate.
    Ex. Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.
    Ex. Until about 1952 the film industry used 35mm cellulose nitrate film, which is highly inflammable and decomposes irreversibly.
    Ex. The emergency services were frantically racing against the clock to try and hold together their city which was coming apart at the seams.
    Ex. Society is falling apart at the seams, causing individuals who have not been able to cope with the changes to feel unprotected and hopeless.
    * * *
    verbo pronominal
    a) grupo/partido to break up, disintegrate; familia to break up
    b) cuerpo/materia to break up, disintegrate; átomo to split, disintegrate
    * * *
    (v.) = disintegrate, fall + apart, decompose, come apart at + the seams, fall apart at + the seams

    Ex: When such systems become asynchronous, with one element dominating the other, it places great strain on the system, and it will, eventually, disintegrate.

    Ex: Most of the packaging for cassettes provided by commercial vendors that are known nationwide is lousy, falls apart, looks bad, and so on.
    Ex: Until about 1952 the film industry used 35mm cellulose nitrate film, which is highly inflammable and decomposes irreversibly.
    Ex: The emergency services were frantically racing against the clock to try and hold together their city which was coming apart at the seams.
    Ex: Society is falling apart at the seams, causing individuals who have not been able to cope with the changes to feel unprotected and hopeless.

    * * *

    desintegrarse ( conjugate desintegrarse) verbo pronominal
    to disintegrate, break up;
    [ familia] to break up
    desintegrar vtr, desintegrarse verbo reflexivo to disintegrate
    ' desintegrarse' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    desintegrar
    - deshacer
    English:
    disintegrate
    * * *
    vpr
    1. [objeto] to disintegrate
    2. [grupo, organización, familia] to break up
    * * *
    v/r
    1 FÍS disintegrate
    2 de grupo de gente break up
    * * *
    vr

    Spanish-English dictionary > desintegrarse

  • 7 Artificial Cotton

    This is prepared from the barked trunks of pine trees by the reduction of thin shavings into wood-wool, which is washed, then acted upon by steam, and heated with caustic soda under pressure, being thus converted into cellulose. This paste-like substance is reheated and pressed through a form of sieve into threads. By treating with ammonia and sprinkling with water these threads are made flexible and as easy to work as cotton. The wood is not abundant, and the cost of production is very heavy, which tends to prevent this fibre becoming a commercial success. In 1933, a Japanese company claimed that they could produce this material so cheaply that it would compete successfully with cotton.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Artificial Cotton

  • 8 Flax

    The following terms as given under the authority of the Ministry of Supply, are reprinted here with their permission. Flax Plants - of the species Linum usitatissimum cultivated for the production of seed or fibre or both. Flax, Fibre (Fibre Flax) - The variety of flax cultivated mainly for fibre production. Flax, fibre strands, or bundles - The aggregates, about 32 in number, of ultimate fibres which run from the level of the seed leaves up to the top of the branches of the flax straw. They are each composed of large numbers of ultimate fibres overlapping each other. Flax Fibres, Ultimate - The component cellulose fibres, about 11/4-in. long by 1/1000-in. wide, making up the fibre system of the flax straw. Flax, Linseed - The variety of flax cultivated mainly for seed production. Flax Seed - The term usually applied to the seed of fibre flax. A bag of flax seed in Ireland is sometimes 31/2 bushels, but it is more usual now to put up seed in 1-cwt. bags as in England. A peck of flax seed weighs approximately 14-lb. Flax Seed, Blue Blossom - Seed of a blue-flowered variety of flax. Flax Seed, Commercial - Flax seed usually named after its country or place of origin, but without a pedigree and without guarantee as to colour of flower. Flax Seed Germination - That percentage by number of a sample of seed which shows visible signs of growth within a stated time when kept under standard conditions of temperature and moisture. Flax Seed Germination, Standard - An arbitrary standard of germination of 90 per cent or more, incorporated in the flax growers' contract of the Ministry of Supply. Flax Seed, Lital - The generic name given to pedigree flax seed of several strains bred by the Linen Industry Research Association, Lambeg, and derived from those initials. Flax Seed, Minty - Seed which has been attacked by species of mites, usually owing to it being cracked and too damp. It is characterised by a dusty appearance and a distinct musty sweet smell. Flax Seed, Mixed Blue Blossom - A term used in Northern Ireland for seed from two or more blue-blossomed pedigree flaxes mixed together. Flax Seed, Pedigree - Seed of a strain of flax which has been improved by some recognised system of flax breeding and originally derived from the bulking of the seed from a single flax plant. Flax Seed, Plimmed - A local term for seed which has swollen through excess of moisture. Flax Seed Purity - That percentage by weight of seed taken from bulk which consists of whole flax seeds. Flax Seed Purity, Standard - An arbitrary standard of purity of 96 per cent or more with a weed seed content of 0.25 per cent or less, incorporated in the flax growers' contract of the Ministry of Supply. Flax Seed, Sowing - Seed of a germination and, purity making it acceptable for sowing. Flax Seed, Stormont - The generic name given to pedigree flax seed produced by the Plant Breeding Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Northern Ireland. Flax Seed, Weight per 1,000 - The weight in grams of 1,000 flax seeds picked at random from a sample. It is used as a measure of the plumpness and general quality of seed. Flax Seed, White Blossom - Seed of a white-flowered variety of flax. Flax Variety, Cross breeding - A method of flax breeding, based on fertilising the seed of a single plant of one strain by the pollen of a single plant of another strain and the study of the progeny. Flax Variety, Single Plant Selection - A method of flax breeding based on the study of a single self-fertilised flax plant and its progeny in subsequent generations. Linseed - The seed of linseed flax: and also of fibre flax when it is used for the same purposes as linseed. Moisture Content - To conform with the International ruling for seed testing the moisture content of flax seed should be expressed as a percentage of the original weight; the moisture content of other flax products being expressed as a percentage of the dry weight. Nomersan - A proprietary powder for dusting on flax seed as a prevention of certain seed-bome fungal diseases. Pickle - The term often applied to a single flax seed, i.e., a sample of seed is said to he of a large pickle or a small pickle. Weed Seed - The seed of any other species of plant present in a sample of flax seed.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Flax

  • 9 производство целлюлозы

    1. pulp industry

     

    производство целлюлозы
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    pulp industry
    A sector of the economy in which an aggregate of commercial enterprises is engaged in manufacturing and selling the soft, moist, slightly cohering mass deriving from wood that is used to produce paper sheets, cardboard and other paper products. (Source: RHW)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > производство целлюлозы

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